Modeling of land–surface interactions in the PALM model system 6.0: land surface model description, first evaluation, and sensitivity to model parameters

Abstract. In this paper the land surface model embedded in PALM system is described and evaluated against situ measurements at Cabauw, Netherlands. A total of 2 consecutive clear-sky days are simulated, components energy balance, potential temperature, humidity, horizontal wind speed compared to observations. For simulated period, balance consistent with daytime nighttime observations, Bowen ratio also agrees fairly well The simulates a more stably stratified nocturnal boundary layer than near-surface temperature humidity agree during day. Moreover, sensitivity analysis performed investigate dependence on soil specifications, as atmospheric initial conditions, because they represent major source uncertainty simulation setup. It found that an inaccurate estimation leaf area index, albedo, or causes significant misrepresentation turbulent sensible latent heat fluxes. During night, boundary-layer characteristics primarily affected by roughness applied radiation schemes.